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Oxford English Dictionary
OED2 volumes.jpg

Seven of the twenty volumes of the printed second edition of The Oxford English Dictionary (1989)
Country United Kingdom
Language English
Publisher Oxford University Press
Published 1884–1928 (first edition)
1989 (second edition)
3rd edition in grooming[ane]
Website www.oed.com

The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) is the main historical lexicon of the English language language, published by Oxford University Printing (OUP). It traces the historical development of the English language, providing a comprehensive resources to scholars and academic researchers, as well as describing usage in its many variations throughout the world.[2]

Work began on the lexicon in 1857, but it was merely in 1884 that it began to be published in unbound fascicles as work continued on the project, under the proper noun of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the Materials Nerveless by The Philological Society. In 1895, the championship The Oxford English language Dictionary was outset used unofficially on the covers of the series, and in 1928 the total dictionary was republished in x bound volumes. In 1933, the championship The Oxford English language Lexicon fully replaced the former name in all occurrences in its reprinting as twelve volumes with a one-volume supplement. More than supplements came over the years until 1989, when the 2d edition was published, comprising 21,728 pages in xx volumes.[1] Since 2000, compilation of a third edition of the lexicon has been underway, approximately half of which was consummate by 2018.[one]

The kickoff electronic version of the dictionary was made available in 1988. The online version has been available since 2000, and by Apr 2014 was receiving over two million visits per month. The third edition of the dictionary virtually probable will appear just in electronic class; the Chief Executive of Oxford University Printing has stated that it is unlikely that it volition ever be printed.[one] [iii] [4]

Historical nature [edit]

As a historical dictionary, the Oxford English Dictionary features entries in which the earliest ascertainable recorded sense of a give-and-take, whether current or obsolete, is presented get-go, and each additional sense is presented in historical lodge according to the date of its earliest ascertainable recorded use.[5] Following each definition are several brief illustrating quotations presented in chronological gild from the earliest ascertainable apply of the give-and-take in that sense to the final ascertainable use for an obsolete sense, to betoken both its life span and the time since its desuetude, or to a relatively contempo apply for current ones.

The format of the OED 's entries has influenced numerous other historical lexicography projects. The forerunners to the OED, such as the early volumes of the Deutsches Wörterbuch, had initially provided few quotations from a express number of sources, whereas the OED editors preferred larger groups of quite short quotations from a broad selection of authors and publications. This influenced later volumes of this and other lexicographical works.[6]

Entries and relative size [edit]

Diagram of the types of English vocabulary included in the OED, devised past James Murray, its first editor.

Co-ordinate to the publishers, information technology would accept a unmarried person 120 years to "key in" the 59 1000000 words of the OED second edition, 60 years to proofread them, and 540 megabytes to shop them electronically.[7] Every bit of thirty Nov 2005, the Oxford English Dictionary contained approximately 301,100 main entries. Supplementing the entry headwords, in that location are 157,000 bold-blazon combinations and derivatives;[8] 169,000 italicized-bold phrases and combinations;[nine] 616,500 give-and-take-forms in total, including 137,000 pronunciations; 249,300 etymologies; 577,000 cross-references; and 2,412,400 usage quotations. The dictionary's latest, consummate print edition (2nd edition, 1989) was printed in xx volumes, comprising 291,500 entries in 21,730 pages. The longest entry in the OED2 was for the verb set, which required 60,000 words to draw some 430 senses. As entries began to be revised for the OED3 in sequence starting from M, the longest entry became brand in 2000, then put in 2007, then run in 2011.[10] [eleven] [12]

Despite its considerable size, the OED is neither the world'south largest nor the primeval exhaustive dictionary of a linguistic communication. Another earlier large dictionary is the Grimm brothers' dictionary of the German language linguistic communication, begun in 1838 and completed in 1961. The start edition of the Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca is the first nifty dictionary devoted to a modern European language (Italian) and was published in 1612; the first edition of Dictionnaire de 50'Académie française dates from 1694. The official dictionary of Spanish is the Diccionario de la lengua española (produced, edited, and published past the Real Academia Española), and its outset edition was published in 1780. The Kangxi Dictionary of Chinese was published in 1716.[thirteen] The largest dictionary past number of pages is believed to be the Dutch Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal.[14] [15]

History [edit]

Oxford English Lexicon Publications
Publication
date 		Volume
range 		Championship Volume
1888 A and B A New ED Vol. 1
1893 C NED Vol. 2
1897 D and East NED Vol. 3
1900 F and G NED Vol. 4
1901 H to K NED Vol. v
1908 Fifty to N NED Vol. six
1909 O and P NED Vol. seven
1914 Q to Sh NED Vol. 8
1919 Si to St NED Vol. 9/1
1919 Su to Th NED Vol. 9/2
1926 Ti to U NED Vol. x/1
1928 V to Z NED Vol. 10/2
1928 All NED x vols.
1933 All NED Suppl..
1933 All & sup. Oxford ED 13 vols.
1972 A OED Sup. Vol. i
1976 H OED Sup. Vol. two
1982 O OED Sup. Vol. 3
1986 Sea OED Sup. Vol. 4
1989 All OED 2d Ed. 20 vols.
1993 All OED Add. Ser. Vols. 1–2
1997 All OED Add. Ser. Vol. iii

Origins [edit]

The dictionary began equally a Philological Society project of a small grouping of intellectuals in London (and unconnected to Oxford University):[16] : 103–104, 112 Richard Chenevix Trench, Herbert Coleridge, and Frederick Furnivall, who were dissatisfied with the existing English dictionaries. The social club expressed interest in compiling a new dictionary as early as 1844,[17] but it was non until June 1857 that they began past forming an "Unregistered Words Committee" to search for words that were unlisted or poorly defined in current dictionaries. In Nov, Trench'southward report was non a list of unregistered words; instead, it was the study On Some Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries, which identified seven distinct shortcomings in gimmicky dictionaries:[xviii]

  • Incomplete coverage of obsolete words
  • Inconsistent coverage of families of related words
  • Wrong dates for earliest use of words
  • History of obsolete senses of words oftentimes omitted
  • Inadequate distinction amidst synonyms
  • Insufficient utilise of good illustrative quotations
  • Infinite wasted on inappropriate or redundant content.

The society ultimately realized that the number of unlisted words would be far more than the number of words in the English dictionaries of the 19th century, and shifted their idea from covering but words that were non already in English dictionaries to a larger project. Trench suggested that a new, truly comprehensive dictionary was needed. On seven Jan 1858, the society formally adopted the idea of a comprehensive new dictionary.[xvi] : 107–108 Volunteer readers would be assigned particular books, copying passages illustrating word usage onto quotation slips. Later the same year, the society agreed to the project in principle, with the title A New English language Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED).[19] : ix–10

Early editors [edit]

Richard Chenevix Trench (1807–1886) played the key part in the project's first months, merely his appointment as Dean of Westminster meant that he could not give the dictionary project the time that it required. He withdrew and Herbert Coleridge became the first editor.[20] : 8–9

On 12 May 1860, Coleridge'south dictionary plan was published and research was started. His house was the first editorial role. He arrayed 100,000 quotation slips in a 54 pigeon-hole grid.[20] : 9 In April 1861, the grouping published the beginning sample pages; afterward that month, Coleridge died of tuberculosis, anile 30.[xix] : x

Thereupon Furnivall became editor; he was enthusiastic and knowledgeable, but temperamentally ill-suited for the work.[16] : 110 Many volunteer readers eventually lost interest in the project, every bit Furnivall failed to go on them motivated. Furthermore, many of the slips were misplaced.

Furnivall believed that, since many printed texts from before centuries were non readily available, it would exist impossible for volunteers to efficiently locate the quotations that the lexicon needed. Equally a result, he founded the Early English Text Gild in 1864 and the Chaucer Lodge in 1868 to publish old manuscripts.[19] : xii Furnivall'southward preparatory efforts lasted 21 years and provided numerous texts for the utilise and enjoyment of the general public, as well as crucial sources for lexicographers, only they did not really involve compiling a lexicon. Furnivall recruited more than 800 volunteers to read these texts and record quotations. While enthusiastic, the volunteers were not well trained and often made inconsistent and capricious selections. Ultimately, Furnivall handed over virtually two tons of quotation slips and other materials to his successor.[21]

In the 1870s, Furnivall unsuccessfully attempted to recruit both Henry Sweet and Henry Nicol to succeed him. He so approached James Murray, who accepted the post of editor. In the tardily 1870s, Furnivall and Murray met with several publishers about publishing the lexicon. In 1878, Oxford University Press agreed with Murray to proceed with the massive project; the agreement was formalized the following year.[16] : 111–112 20 years after its conception, the dictionary project finally had a publisher. Information technology would take another fifty years to complete.

Late in his editorship, Murray learned that one especially prolific reader named W. C. Minor was confined to a mental infirmary for (in modern terminology) schizophrenia.[16] : xiii Minor was a Yale University-trained surgeon and a military officeholder in the American Civil State of war who had been confined to Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally Insane after killing a human being in London. Pocket-sized invented his own quotation-tracking organisation, allowing him to submit slips on specific words in response to editors' requests. The story of how Murray and Small-scale worked together to advance the OED has recently been retold in a volume, The Surgeon of Crowthorne (The states title: The Professor and the Madman [sixteen]), later the basis for a 2019 moving picture The Professor and the Madman, starring Mel Gibson and Sean Penn.

Oxford editors [edit]

During the 1870s, the Philological Lodge was concerned with the process of publishing a dictionary with such an immense scope.[one] They had pages printed by publishers, but no publication understanding was reached; both the Cambridge University Press and the Oxford University Press were approached. The OUP finally agreed in 1879 (after two years of negotiating by Sweet, Furnivall, and Murray) to publish the lexicon and to pay Murray, who was both the editor and the Philological Club president. The dictionary was to be published every bit interval fascicles, with the final form in four volumes, totalling 6,400 pages. They hoped to stop the project in x years.[20] : 1

A quotation slip every bit used in the compilation of the OED, illustrating the word flood.

Murray started the project, working in a corrugated atomic number 26 outbuilding called the "Scriptorium" which was lined with wooden planks, bookshelves, and ane,029 pigeon-holes for the quotation slips.[nineteen] : 13 He tracked and regathered Furnivall'south collection of quotation slips, which were found to concentrate on rare, interesting words rather than common usages. For instance, there were x times as many quotations for abusion equally for abuse.[22] He appealed, through newspapers distributed to bookshops and libraries, for readers who would report "as many quotations as you lot tin can for ordinary words" and for words that were "rare, obsolete, old-fashioned, new, peculiar or used in a peculiar way".[22] Murray had American philologist and liberal arts college professor Francis March manage the drove in N America; one,000 quotation slips arrived daily to the Scriptorium and, by 1880, there were two,500,000.[20] : xv

The starting time lexicon fascicle was published on 1 Feb 1884—twenty-three years after Coleridge's sample pages. The full title was A New English Lexicon on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected past The Philological Society; the 352-page volume, words from A to Ant, cost 12s 6d[20] : 251 (equivalent to $67 in 2020). The full sales were only 4,000 copies.[23] : 169

The OUP saw that information technology would take besides long to consummate the piece of work with unrevised editorial arrangements. Accordingly, new assistants were hired and two new demands were fabricated on Murray.[20] : 32–33 The starting time was that he motility from Mill Hill to Oxford, which he did in 1885. Murray had his Scriptorium re-erected on his new property.[19] : xvii

The 78 Banbury Road, Oxford, firm, one-time residence of James Murray, Editor of the Oxford English Dictionary

Murray resisted the second need: that if he could not meet schedule, he must hire a 2nd, senior editor to work in parallel to him, exterior his supervision, on words from elsewhere in the alphabet. Murray did not want to share the work, feeling that he would advance his work pace with experience. That turned out not to be and then, and Philip Gell of the OUP forced the promotion of Murray's assistant Henry Bradley (hired by Murray in 1884), who worked independently in the British Museum in London get-go in 1888. In 1896, Bradley moved to Oxford University.[xx]

Gell continued harassing Murray and Bradley with his business concern concerns—containing costs and speeding product—to the point where the project'south collapse seemed likely. Newspapers reported the harassment, particularly the Saturday Review, and public opinion backed the editors.[23] : 182–83 Gell was fired, and the university reversed his cost policies. If the editors felt that the dictionary would have to abound larger, information technology would; it was an important work, and worth the fourth dimension and money to properly finish.

Neither Murray nor Bradley lived to meet it. Murray died in 1915, having been responsible for words starting with A–D, H–Yard, O–P, and T, nearly one-half the finished lexicon; Bradley died in 1923, having completed E–Grand, L–K, S–Sh, St, and W–We. By and then, two additional editors had been promoted from banana piece of work to independent work, continuing without much trouble. William Craigie started in 1901 and was responsible for N, Q–R, Si–Sq, U–V, and Wo–Wy. [19] : 19 The OUP had previously thought London too far from Oxford but, later on 1925, Craigie worked on the dictionary in Chicago, where he was a professor.[nineteen] : xix [xx] The fourth editor was Charles Talbut Onions, who compiled the remaining ranges starting in 1914: Su–Sz, Wh–Wo, and X–Z.[24]

In 1919–1920, J. R. R. Tolkien was employed by the OED, researching etymologies of the Waggle to Warlock range;[25] after he parodied the master editors every bit "The Four Wise Clerks of Oxenford" in the story Farmer Giles of Ham.[26]

By early on 1894, a total of xi fascicles had been published, or virtually one per year: iv for A–B, v for C, and 2 for E.[xix] Of these, eight were 352 pages long, while the last one in each group was shorter to finish at the letter interruption (which eventually became a book suspension). At this point, information technology was decided to publish the work in smaller and more frequent instalments; one time every iii months beginning in 1895 at that place would be a fascicle of 64 pages, priced at 2s 6d. If enough fabric was ready, 128 or fifty-fifty 192 pages would exist published together. This footstep was maintained until World War I forced reductions in staff.[19] : twenty Each time plenty consecutive pages were available, the same material was too published in the original larger fascicles.[19] : xx Also in 1895, the title Oxford English language Dictionary was first used. It and then appeared just on the outer covers of the fascicles; the original title was even so the official 1 and was used everywhere else.[19] : xx

Completion of first edition and first supplement [edit]

The 125th and terminal fascicle covered words from Wise to the stop of West and was published on 19 April 1928, and the full dictionary in bound volumes followed immediately.[19] : xx William Shakespeare is the well-nigh-quoted writer in the completed dictionary, with Hamlet his about-quoted work. George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) is the most-quoted female person author. Collectively, the Bible is the most-quoted work (in many translations); the virtually-quoted unmarried work is Cursor Mundi.[seven]

Additional material for a given letter of the alphabet range continued to be gathered after the respective fascicle was printed, with a view towards inclusion in a supplement or revised edition. A one-volume supplement of such textile was published in 1933, with entries weighted towards the start of the alphabet where the fascicles were decades old.[19] The supplement included at least one word (bondmaid) accidentally omitted when its slips were misplaced;[27] many words and senses newly coined (famously appendicitis, coined in 1886 and missing from the 1885 fascicle, which came to prominence when Edward VII'due south 1902 appendicitis postponed his coronation[28]); and some previously excluded every bit too obscure (notoriously radium, omitted in 1903, months before its discoverers Pierre and Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize in Physics.[29]). Also in 1933 the original fascicles of the entire dictionary were re-issued, leap into 12 volumes, under the title "The Oxford English Dictionary".[30] This edition of 13 volumes including the supplement was later reprinted in 1961 and 1970.

Second supplement [edit]

In 1933, Oxford had finally put the dictionary to residuum; all work ended, and the quotation slips went into storage. Yet, the English language continued to alter and, by the time 20 years had passed, the dictionary was outdated.[31]

There were three possible ways to update it. The cheapest would have been to leave the existing piece of work alone and only compile a new supplement of maybe one or two volumes; but then anyone looking for a word or sense and unsure of its age would take to look in iii unlike places. The virtually convenient choice for the user would have been for the entire dictionary to be re-edited and retypeset, with each change included in its proper alphabetical place; but this would have been the about expensive option, with perhaps fifteen volumes required to be produced. The OUP chose a middle approach: combining the new textile with the existing supplement to form a larger replacement supplement.

Robert Burchfield was hired in 1957 to edit the 2d supplement;[32] Charles Talbut Onions turned 84 that twelvemonth but was nevertheless able to brand some contributions as well. The work on the supplement was expected to accept most seven years.[31] It actually took 29 years, by which fourth dimension the new supplement (OEDS) had grown to four volumes, starting with A, H, O, and Sea. They were published in 1972, 1976, 1982, and 1986 respectively, bringing the complete dictionary to 16 volumes, or 17 counting the first supplement.

Burchfield emphasized the inclusion of modernistic-day language and, through the supplement, the dictionary was expanded to include a wealth of new words from the burgeoning fields of science and technology, too as popular civilization and vernacular spoken language. Burchfield said that he broadened the telescopic to include developments of the language in English-speaking regions beyond the United Kingdom, including Due north America, Commonwealth of australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, and the Caribbean. Burchfield also removed, for unknown reasons, many entries that had been added to the 1933 supplement.[33] In 2012, an assay by lexicographer Sarah Ogilvie revealed that many of these entries were in fact foreign loanwords, despite Burchfield'due south claim that he included more such words. The proportion was estimated from a sample calculation to amount to 17% of the foreign loan words and words from regional forms of English language. Some of these had simply a unmarried recorded usage, but many had multiple recorded citations, and it ran against what was thought to be the established OED editorial exercise and a perception that he had opened up the dictionary to "Earth English".[34] [35] [36]

Revised American edition [edit]

This was published in 1968 at $300. There were changes in the organization of the volumes – for case book vii covered only Northward–Poy, the remaining "P" entries being transferred to volume eight.[ citation needed ]

Second edition [edit]

Oxford English Lexicon
Oxford English Dictionary 2nd.jpg

2d Edition
Editor John Simpson and Edmund Weiner
Country United Kingdom
Language English
Subject Dictionary
Publisher Oxford University Press

Publication engagement

 30 March 1989
Pages 21,730[7]
ISBN 978-0-xix-861186-8
OCLC 17648714

Dewey Decimal

 423 19
LC Class PE1625 .O87 1989

By the fourth dimension the new supplement was completed, it was clear that the total text of the dictionary would demand to be computerized. Achieving this would require retyping information technology once, but thereafter it would ever exist accessible for reckoner searching—equally well as for whatever new editions of the lexicon might exist desired, starting with an integration of the supplementary volumes and the primary text. Preparation for this process began in 1983, and editorial piece of work started the following year under the authoritative management of Timothy J. Benbow, with John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner equally co-editors.[37] In 2016, Simpson published his memoir chronicling his years at the OED: The Word Detective: Searching for the Meaning of It All at the Oxford English Dictionary – A Memoir (New York: Basic Books).

Editing an entry of the NOED using LEXX

A printout of the SGML markup used in the computerization of the OED, showing pencil annotations used to mark corrections.

Thus began the New Oxford English language Dictionary (NOED) project. In the United states, more than 120 typists of the International Computaprint Corporation (now Reed Tech) started keying in over 350,000,000 characters, their work checked by 55 proof-readers in England.[37] Retyping the text alone was not sufficient; all the information represented by the complex typography of the original dictionary had to be retained, which was done past marking up the content in SGML.[37] A specialized search engine and brandish software were too needed to access it. Under a 1985 agreement, some of this software piece of work was washed at the University of Waterloo, Canada, at the Middle for the New Oxford English Dictionary, led by Frank Tompa and Gaston Gonnet; this search technology went on to become the basis for the Open Text Corporation.[38] Computer hardware, database and other software, development managers, and programmers for the projection were donated past the British subsidiary of IBM; the colour syntax-directed editor for the project, LEXX,[39] was written by Mike Cowlishaw of IBM.[40] The University of Waterloo, in Canada, volunteered to design the database. A. Walton Litz, an English professor at Princeton Academy who served on the Oxford University Press advisory council, was quoted in Fourth dimension every bit proverb "I've never been associated with a project, I've never even heard of a projection, that was so incredibly complicated and that met every deadline."[41]

Past 1989, the NOED project had achieved its chief goals, and the editors, working online, had successfully combined the original text, Burchfield's supplement, and a pocket-sized amount of newer material, into a unmarried unified dictionary. The word "new" was once again dropped from the name, and the 2d edition of the OED, or the OED2, was published. The first edition retronymically became the OED1.

The Oxford English Dictionary ii was printed in 20 volumes.[i] Up to a very late stage, all the volumes of the offset edition were started on letter of the alphabet boundaries. For the second edition, in that location was no attempt to commencement them on letter of the alphabet boundaries, and they were made roughly equal in size. The xx volumes started with A, B.B.C., Cham, Creel, Dvandva, Follow, Hat, Interval, Look, Moul, Ow, Poise, Quemadero, Rob, Ser, Soot, Su, Thru, Unemancipated, and Wave.

The content of the OED2 is mostly simply a reorganization of the earlier corpus, merely the retypesetting provided an opportunity for two long-needed format changes. The headword of each entry was no longer capitalized, allowing the user to readily see those words that actually crave a majuscule.[42] Murray had devised his own notation for pronunciation, there being no standard bachelor at the time, whereas the OED2 adopted the modern International Phonetic Alphabet.[42] [43] Different the earlier edition, all foreign alphabets except Greek were transliterated.[42]

The British quiz show Inaugural has awarded the leather-bound consummate version to the champions of each serial since its inception in 1982.[44]

When the impress version of the second edition was published in 1989, the response was enthusiastic. Writer Anthony Burgess declared it "the greatest publishing consequence of the century", equally quoted past the Los Angeles Times.[45] Time dubbed the volume "a scholarly Everest",[41] and Richard Boston, writing for The Guardian, called it "one of the wonders of the world".[46]

Additions series [edit]

The supplements and their integration into the second edition were a slap-up improvement to the OED equally a whole, simply information technology was recognized that most of the entries were even so fundamentally unaltered from the first edition. Much of the information in the lexicon published in 1989 was already decades out of date, though the supplements had fabricated good progress towards incorporating new vocabulary. Yet many definitions contained disproven scientific theories, outdated historical information, and moral values that were no longer widely accepted.[47] [48] Furthermore, the supplements had failed to recognize many words in the existing volumes as obsolete past the fourth dimension of the second edition's publication, meaning that thousands of words were marked as current despite no recent evidence of their use.[49]

Accordingly, it was recognized that work on a tertiary edition would have to begin to rectify these bug.[47] The offset endeavor to produce a new edition came with the Oxford English Lexicon Additions Series, a new set of supplements to complement the OED2 with the intention of producing a third edition from them.[l] The previous supplements appeared in alphabetical installments, whereas the new series had a full A–Z range of entries within each individual volume, with a complete alphabetical index at the end of all words revised so far, each listed with the book number which contained the revised entry.[50]

However, in the stop simply three Additions volumes were published this way, two in 1993 and one in 1997,[51] [52] [53] each containing about 3,000 new definitions.[7] The possibilities of the World Wide Spider web and new computer technology in full general meant that the processes of researching the lexicon and of publishing new and revised entries could be vastly improved. New text search databases offered vastly more textile for the editors of the lexicon to work with, and with publication on the Web as a possibility, the editors could publish revised entries much more chop-chop and hands than always before.[54] A new approach was chosen for, and for this reason information technology was decided to commence on a new, consummate revision of the dictionary.

  • Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series Book one (ISBN 978-0-19-861292-6): Includes over twenty,000 illustrative quotations showing the evolution of each word or meaning.
  • ?th impression (1994-02-10)
  • Oxford English language Lexicon Additions Series Book ii (ISBN 978-0-19-861299-5)
  • ?th impression (1994-02-x)
  • Oxford English Lexicon Additions Serial Volume 3 (ISBN 978-0-nineteen-860027-five): Contains 3,000 new words and meanings from effectually the English language-speaking world. Published past Clarendon Press.
  • ?thursday impression (1997-ten-09)

Third edition [edit]

Offset with the launch of the get-go OED Online site in 2000, the editors of the dictionary began a major revision project to create a completely revised third edition of the dictionary (OED3), expected to exist completed in 2037[55] [56] [57] at a projected price of about £34 million.[58] [1]

Revisions were started at the letter Yard, with new cloth actualization every 3 months on the OED Online website. The editors chose to start the revision project from the middle of the lexicon in order that the overall quality of entries be made more than fifty-fifty, since the later entries in the OED1 generally tended to exist improve than the earlier ones. All the same, in March 2008, the editors announced that they would alternating each quarter between moving frontwards in the alphabet as before and updating "cardinal English words from across the alphabet, along with the other words which make upwards the alphabetical cluster surrounding them".[59] With the relaunch of the OED Online website in December 2010, alphabetical revision was abandoned birthday.[60]

The revision is expected roughly to double the lexicon in size.[iv] [61] Autonomously from full general updates to include information on new words and other changes in the language, the third edition brings many other improvements, including changes in formatting and stylistic conventions for easier reading and computerized searching, more than etymological information, and a general change of focus abroad from individual words towards more general coverage of the language as a whole.[54] [62] While the original text drew its quotations mainly from literary sources such as novels, plays, and poesy, with additional material from newspapers and academic journals, the new edition will reference more kinds of material that were unavailable to the editors of previous editions, such as wills, inventories, account books, diaries, journals, and messages.[61]

John Simpson was the first master editor of the OED3. He retired in 2013 and was replaced by Michael Proffitt, who is the 8th chief editor of the dictionary.[63]

The production of the new edition exploits reckoner technology, particularly since the inauguration in June 2005 of the "Perfect All-Singing All-Dancing Editorial and Annotation Awarding", or "Pasadena". With this XML-based arrangement, lexicographers can spend less effort on presentation issues such every bit the numbering of definitions. This arrangement has also simplified the utilise of the quotations database, and enabled staff in New York to work directly on the dictionary in the same way as their Oxford-based counterparts.[64]

Other important calculator uses include internet searches for prove of electric current usage and e-mail submissions of quotations past readers and the full general public.[65]

New entries and words [edit]

Wordhunt was a 2005 appeal to the general public for assist in providing citations for l selected recent words, and produced antedatings for many. The results were reported in a BBC TV series, Balderdash and Piffle. The OED 's readers contribute quotations: the department currently receives about 200,000 a yr.[66]

OED currently contains over 600,000 entries.[67] They update the OED on a quarterly basis to make up for its Third Edition revising their existing entries and calculation new words and senses.[68]

Formats [edit]

Compact editions [edit]

In 1971, the 13-volume OED1 (1933) was reprinted as a two-volume Compact Edition, past photographically reducing each page to half its linear dimensions; each meaty edition page held four OED1 pages in a four-up ("iv-up") format. The two-book letters were A and P; the first supplement was at the second volume's end. The Compact Edition included, in a small sideslip-example drawer, a Bausch & Lomb magnifying glass to help in reading reduced type. Many copies were inexpensively distributed through volume clubs. In 1987, the second supplement was published as a third volume to the Compact Edition.

In 1991, for the 20-volume OED2 (1989), the compact edition format was re-sized to one-3rd of original linear dimensions, a nine-up ("9-up") format requiring greater magnification, merely allowing publication of a single-volume lexicon. It was accompanied past a magnifying drinking glass as before and A User'due south Guide to the "Oxford English Dictionary", past Donna Lee Berg.[69] Subsequently these volumes were published, though, book gild offers ordinarily continued to sell the ii-volume 1971 Compact Edition.[26]

  • The Compact Oxford English Dictionary (second edition, 1991, ISBN 978-0-nineteen-861258-ii): Includes definitions of 500,000 words, 290,000 principal entries, 137,000 pronunciations, 249,300 etymologies, 577,000 cross-references, over 2,412,000 illustrative quotations, and is again accompanied by a magnifying drinking glass.
  • ?th impression (1991-12-05)

  • The Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2nd edition, 1991).

  • Part of an entry in the 1991 compact edition, with a centimetre calibration showing the very small type sizes used.

Electronic versions [edit]

A screenshot of the offset version of the OED 2nd edition CD-ROM software.

Once the dictionary was digitized and online, it was besides available to be published on CD-ROM. The text of the first edition was made available in 1987.[70] Afterward, three versions of the second edition were issued. Version ane (1992) was identical in content to the printed 2nd edition, and the CD itself was non copy-protected. Version two (1999) included the Oxford English Dictionary Additions of 1993 and 1997.

Version 3.0 was released in 2002 with additional words from the OED3 and software improvements. Version 3.1.ane (2007) added support for hd installation, so that the user does not have to insert the CD to use the dictionary. Information technology has been reported that this version will piece of work on operating systems other than Microsoft Windows, using emulation programs.[71] [72] Version iv.0 of the CD has been available since June 2009 and works with Windows 7 and Mac OS X (10.4 or afterwards).[73] This version uses the CD drive for installation, running only from the hard drive.

On 14 March 2000, the Oxford English Dictionary Online (OED Online) became available to subscribers.[74] The online database containing the OED2 is updated quarterly with revisions that volition be included in the OED3 (see above). The online edition is the well-nigh upward-to-date version of the dictionary available. The OED website is not optimized for mobile devices, simply the developers have stated that at that place are plans to provide an API to facilitate the development of interfaces for querying the OED.[75]

The price for an individual to use this edition is £195 or United states of america$295 a year, even after a reduction in 2004; consequently, most subscribers are large organizations such every bit universities. Some public libraries and companies accept besides subscribed, including public libraries in the Uk, where access is funded by the Arts Council,[76] and public libraries in New Zealand.[77] [78] Individuals who vest to a library which subscribes to the service are able to use the service from their ain home without charge.

  • Oxford English Lexicon Second edition on CD-ROM Version 3.1:
  • Upgrade version for 3.0 (ISBN 978-0-xix-522216-6):
  • ?thursday impression (2005-08-18)
  • Oxford English Lexicon 2d edition on CD-ROM Version 4.0: Includes 500,000 words with 2.5 million source quotations, vii,000 new words and meanings. Includes Vocabulary from OED 2nd Edition and all three Additions volumes. Supports Windows 2000-7 and Mac Os X x.4–10.5). Flash-based dictionary.
  • Full version (ISBN 0-nineteen-956383-vii/ISBN 978-0-19-956383-8)
  • ?th impression (2009-06-04)
  • Upgrade version for two.0 and above (ISBN 0-nineteen-956594-5/ISBN 978-0-19-956594-viii): Supports Windows only.[79]
  • ?th impression (2009-07-15)
  • Print+CD-ROM version (ISBN 978-0-19-957315-8): Supports Windows Vista and Mac OS).
  • ?thursday impression (2009-11-xvi)

Relationship to other Oxford dictionaries [edit]

The OED 'due south utility and renown as a historical dictionary have led to numerous offspring projects and other dictionaries bearing the Oxford name, though not all are straight related to the OED itself.

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, originally started in 1902 and completed in 1933,[80] is an abridgement of the full work that retains the historical focus, but does not include any words which were obsolete before 1700 except those used by Shakespeare, Milton, Spenser, and the King James Bible.[81] A completely new edition was produced from the OED2 and published in 1993,[82] with revisions in 2002 and 2007.

The Curtailed Oxford Lexicon is a dissimilar work, which aims to cover electric current English but, without the historical focus. The original edition, mostly based on the OED1, was edited by Francis George Fowler and Henry Watson Fowler and published in 1911, before the main work was completed.[83] Revised editions appeared throughout the twentieth century to proceed it up to date with changes in English language usage.

The Pocket Oxford Dictionary of Current English language was originally conceived by F. G. Fowler and H. W. Fowler to be compressed, compact, and curtailed. Its primary source is the Oxford English language Dictionary, and information technology is nominally an abridgment of the Concise Oxford Dictionary. It was first published in 1924.[84]

In 1998 the New Oxford Lexicon of English language (NODE) was published. While besides aiming to cover current English, NODE was non based on the OED. Instead, it was an entirely new lexicon produced with the aid of corpus linguistics.[85] One time NODE was published, a similarly make-new edition of the Concise Oxford Dictionary followed, this time based on an abridgement of NODE rather than the OED; NODE (nether the new championship of the Oxford Lexicon of English language, or ODE) continues to be principal source for Oxford's product line of electric current-English language dictionaries, including the New Oxford American Dictionary, with the OED now only serving as the basis for scholarly historical dictionaries.

Spelling [edit]

The OED lists British headword spellings (e.grand., labour, eye) with variants post-obit (labor, center, etc.). For the suffix more commonly spelt -ise in British English, OUP policy dictates a preference for the spelling -ize, due east.g., realize vs. realise and globalization vs. globalisation. The rationale is etymological, in that the English suffix is mainly derived from the Greek suffix -ιζειν, (-izein), or the Latin -izāre.[86] However, -ze is likewise sometimes treated every bit an Americanism insofar as the -ze suffix has crept into words where it did not originally belong, as with analyse (British English), which is spelt analyze in American English.[87] [88]

Reception [edit]

British prime minister Stanley Baldwin described the OED as a "national treasure".[89] Writer Anu Garg, founder of Wordsmith.org, has chosen it a "lex icon".[ninety] Tim Bray, co-creator of Extensible Markup Language (XML), credits the OED as the developing inspiration of that markup language.[91]

However, despite its claims of authority,[92] the dictionary has been criticized since at least the 1960s from diverse angles. Information technology has become a target precisely considering of its scope, its claims to authority, its British-centredness and relative neglect of World Englishes,[93] its implied but not best-selling focus on literary language and, above all, its influence. The OED, as a commercial production, has e'er had to manoeuvre a thin line between PR, marketing and scholarship and one[ who? ] tin argue that its biggest problem is the critical uptake of the work by the interested public.[ citation needed ] In his review of the 1982 supplement,[94] University of Oxford linguist Roy Harris writes that criticizing the OED is extremely difficult because "one is dealing non just with a dictionary but with a national institution", i that "has become, like the English monarchy, virtually immune from criticism in principle". He further notes that neologisms from respected "literary" authors such as Samuel Beckett and Virginia Woolf are included, whereas usage of words in newspapers or other less "respectable" sources agree less sway, even though they may be ordinarily used. He writes that the OED 'southward "[b]lack-and-white lexicography is also black-and-white in that it takes upon itself to pronounce authoritatively on the rights and wrongs of usage", faulting the dictionary'southward prescriptive rather than descriptive usage. To Harris, this prescriptive classification of sure usages as "erroneous" and the consummate omission of various forms and usages cumulatively represent the "social bias[es]" of the (presumably well-educated and wealthy) compilers. However, the identification of "erroneous and catachrestic" usages is existence removed from third edition entries,[95] sometimes in favour of usage notes describing the attitudes to language which have previously led to these classifications.[96]

Harris also faults the editors' "donnish conservatism" and their adherence to prudish Victorian morals, citing as an instance the non-inclusion of "diverse centuries-old 'four-letter of the alphabet words'" until 1972. Nonetheless, no English dictionary included such words, for fear of possible prosecution under British obscenity laws, until subsequently the determination of the Lady Chatterley's Lover obscenity trial in 1960. The Penguin English Dictionary of 1965 was the first lexicon that included the discussion fuck.[97] Joseph Wright's English Dialect Dictionary had included shit in 1905.[98]

The OED 's claims of authority have also been questioned by linguists such every bit Pius ten Hacken, who notes that the dictionary actively strives towards definitiveness and authority simply tin can only achieve those goals in a limited sense, given the difficulties of defining the scope of what information technology includes.[99]

Founding editor James Murray was also reluctant to include scientific terms, despite their documentation, unless he felt that they were widely plenty used. In 1902, he declined to add the word "radium" to the dictionary.[100]

See too [edit]

  • Australian Oxford Dictionary
  • Canadian Oxford Dictionary
  • Compact Oxford English language Lexicon of Current English
  • Curtailed Oxford English Lexicon
  • New Oxford American Dictionary
  • Oxford Avant-garde Learner's Dictionary
  • Shorter Oxford English language Dictionary
  • A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
  • The Australian National Dictionary
  • Dictionary of American Regional English

References [edit]

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  8. ^ A bold blazon combination has a significantly different meaning from the sum of its parts, for example sauna-like is different an actual sauna. "Preface to the Second Edition: General explanations: Combinations". Oxford English Dictionary Online. 1989. Archived from the original on xvi May 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2008.
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Further reading [edit]

  • Brewer, Charlotte (viii October 2019). "Oxford English Dictionary Research". Examining the OED. The project sets out to investigate the principles and practice backside the Oxford English Dictionary...
  • Brewer, Charlotte (2007), Treasure-House of the Language: the Living OED (hardcover), Yale University Press, ISBN978-0-300-12429-3
  • Dickson, Andrew (23 February 2018). "Within the OED: can the world'south biggest lexicon survive the net?". the Guardian.
  • Gilliver, Peter (2016), The Making of the Oxford English Lexicon (hardcover), Oxford Academy Press, ISBN978-0-199-28362-0
  • Gilliver, Peter; Marshall, Jeremy; Weiner, Edmund (2006), The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Lexicon (hardcover), Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-861069-4
  • Gleick, James (5 November 2006). "Cyber-Neologoliferation". James Gleick. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020. First published in the New York Times Magazine 5 Nov 2006
  • Green, Jonathon; Cape, Jonathan (1996), Chasing the Lord's day: Dictionary Makers and the Dictionaries They Fabricated (hardcover), ISBN978-0-224-04010-5
  • Kelsey-Sugg, Anna (9 April 2020). "In a lawn 'scriptorium', this man set about defining every discussion in the English language". ABC News (Radio National). Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  • Kite, Lorien (xv November 2013), "The evolving function of the Oxford English Dictionary", Financial Times (online edition)
  • McPherson, Fiona (2013). The Oxford English Dictionary: From Victorian venture to the digital historic period endeavour (mp4). (McPherson is Senior Editor of OED)
  • Ogilvie, Sarah (2013), Words of the World: a global history of the Oxford English Dictionary (hardcover), Cambridge University Press, ISBN978-1107605695
  • Willinsky, John (1995), Empire of Words: The Reign of the Oxford English Lexicon (hardcover), Princeton University Press, ISBN978-0-691-03719-6
  • Winchester, Simon (27 May 2007). "History of the Oxford English Dictionary". TVOntario (Podcast). Big Ideas. Archived from the original (podcast) on 16 February 2008.
  • Winchester, Simon (2003), The Meaning of Everything: The Story of the Oxford English Dictionary (hardcover), Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-860702-ane
  • Winchester, Simon (1998), "The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary", Message of the World Health Organization (hardcover), Harper Collins, 79 (6): 579, ISBN978-0-06-017596-2, PMC2566457

External links [edit]

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
    • Archive of documents, including
      • Trench's original "On some deficiencies in our English Dictionaries" paper
      • Murray'south original appeal for readers
    • Their page of OED statistics, and another such folio.
    • Two "sample pages" (PDF). (ane.54 MB) from the OED.
  • Oxford University Printing pages: 2nd Edition, Additions Series Book 1, Additions Series Volume 2, Additions Series Volume three, The Compact Oxford English language Dictionary New Edition, 20-volume printed ready+CD-ROM [ permanent dead link ] , CD 3.1 upgrade [ permanent expressionless link ] , CD 4.0 full [ permanent dead link ] , CD 4.0 upgrade [ permanent dead link ]

1st edition [edit]

Net Archive
1888–1933 Consequence
Full title of each volume: A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles: Founded Mainly on the Materials Nerveless past the Philological Society
Vol. Year Letters Links
1 1888 A, B Vol. 1
2 1893 C Vol. 2
iii 1897 D, E Vol. three (version 2)
4 1901 F, 1000 Vol. 4 (version 2) (version 3)
5 1901 H–K Vol. v
6p1 1908 50 Vol. six, part 1
6p2 1908 Grand, North Vol. half dozen, part 2
vii 1909 O, P Vol.7
8p1 1914 Q, R Vol. 8, part one
8p2 1914 S–Sh Vol.eight, part 2
9p1 1919 Si–St Vol. nine, role 1
9p2 1919 Su–Th Vol. 9, office two
10p1 1926 Ti–U Vol. ten, part one
10p2 1928 V–Z Vol. 10, part 2
Sup. 1933 A–Z Supplement
1933 Corrected re-upshot
Total title of each book: The Oxford English Dictionary: Being a Corrected Re-issue with an Introduction, Supplement and Bibliography, of A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles: Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected past the Philological Club
Vol. Letters Links
1 A–B [1]
2 C [2]
three D–Due east [3]
four F–G [4]
5 H–Thousand [v]
half-dozen L–M [half dozen]
vii North–Poy [7]
8 Poy–Ry [eight]
9 S–Soldo [ix]
ten Sole–Sz [ten]
xi T–U [11]
12 V–Z [12]
Sup. A–Z [13]
HathiTrust
  • Some volumes (but available from within the USA):
    • Academy of Virginia copy
    • Princeton Academy re-create
    • University of Michigan copy

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